Abstract
Hybrid photovoltaic installations, defined as on-grid PV system in cooperation with battery energy storage system (BESS), are still rare among the typical investors because the investment cost of the hybrid installation is significantly higher than the one of the on-grid system. However, while considering the broader perspective, such as environmental or technological aspects, the mentioned solution can be competitive with photovoltaic on-grid systems and therefore should be carefully tested in the widest possible context. In this study, the authors compared 3.05 kW of peak power hybrid and on-grid installations operating in temperate climate conditions (Eastern Poland) using economic indicators, such as dynamic generation cost (DGC) and benefit–cost rate (BCR); environmental impact indicators (IMPACT 2002+ and GWP 100a) determined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA); and technological aspects consideration, including the reliability of examined systems. Creating a ranking of the considered solutions based on the equal weighting factors assigned to the appropriate features allows indicating the technological areas where the competitiveness of hybrid systems justifies the increased investment costs. One such area is business, where the economic criterion, the only negatively assessed one in the standard operation, can be radically changed by the possible financial losses due to interruption of energy supply.
Highlights
According to the received indicators, the uncertainty of results in Ecosystem quality category was the highest, resulting in the high standard deviation and coefficient of variation in the mentioned area, which contributes to the results expressing the overall environmental impact of both photovoltaic systems HS and OGS (Table 4)
2020, 13, 3978 coefficient of variation in the mentioned area, which contributes to the results expressing the overall environmental impact of both photovoltaic systems HS and OGS (Table 4)
The greatest the dynamic generation cost (DGC) was for the HS(replacement used in household is related to the high related to thevalue high of investment and obtained maintenance costs of the and devices such as inverter investment and results maintenance costs the devices and battery energy storage system (BESS))
Summary
During the 15 years, the demand for electricity will grow by at least. Coal is perceived as the worst energy carrier, due to the large emissions of carbon dioxide, the most important gas contributing to the greenhouse effect. It represents 38.3% of the world’s gross electricity production (all non-renewables account for 64.5%). Second place is renewable sources of energy, at 26.5%. Third place is nuclear power, at 10.2% [2]. While fossil fuels and nuclear energy markets are shrinking, renewable sources of energy are gaining popularity
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