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Abstract
Municipal treated wastewater could be considered as a water source for food crop irrigation purposes. Enhancing the quality of treated wastewater to meet irrigation standards has become a necessary practice. Nanofiltration (NF) was used in the first stage to produce permeate at relatively low energy consumption. In the second stage, two membrane combinations were tested for additional water extraction from the brine generated by the NF process. The simulation results showed that using a hybrid forward osmosis (FO)–reverse osmosis (RO) system is more efficient than using the RO process alone for the further extraction of water from the brine generated by the NF process. The total specific energy consumption can be reduced by 27% after using FO as an intermediate process between NF and RO. In addition, the final permeate water quality produced using the hybrid FO-RO system was within the allowable standards for food crops irrigation.
Highlights
Treated sewage effluent (TSE) could be considered as a valuable source of water that might be used for the irrigation of food crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions
As the recovery rate increased to 75% and 80%, concentration of permeate (CP)
The maximum CP was 301 ppm obtained at a recovery rate of 90%; this is almost double the limit recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Summary
Treated sewage effluent (TSE) could be considered as a valuable source of water that might be used for the irrigation of food crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Enhancing the quality of TSE to meet irrigation standards has become a common practice. This must be done with minimal capital and operational costs. The most widely used membrane technologies are microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). These processes have been used at an industrial scale for desalination and wastewater treatment. The recovery rate depends on the feed water quality and the performance of the membrane process [21]. 75% in NF and RO could be difficult, especially when treating municipal wastewater due to membrane fouling and high energy consumption [22]. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations
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