Abstract
This paper formulates a new optimization pickup and delivery problem with time windows which take into account the CO 2 emission. This new NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem is called green pickup and delivery problem with time windows (GPDPTW), the recent developments in the vehicle routing problem and its variants, which extends PDP and PDPTW with respect to several constraints. The objective is to find a set of routes for a fleet of vehicles in order to serve given transportation requests with a minimization of fuel consumption and CO 2 emission to ensure the preservation of a clean and green environment. This paper presents a mathematical formulation and proposes a hybrid discrete artificial bee colony algorithm (HDABC) as a meta-heuristic algorithm which combines a discrete artificial bee colony with neighborhood operators to solve GPDPTW model. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an emission of CO 2 for the PDPTW is proposed. We performed computational experiments to evaluate the e ff ectiveness of these proposed method, which provides the best result and can effectively find an optimal tour. Our results show that, (1) the shortest route is not necessarily the route that consumes the least of fuel; (2) the fuel consumption is affected by the load and the number of vehicles.
Highlights
Nowadays, the amount of CO2 emission caused by transportation is significant for wider environmental and social impacts rather than just economic costs
The paper addresses the GPDPTW problem with precedence, coupling, capacity, time windows constraints and we introduce the factor of CO2 emission, which is applied to this variant of vehicle routing problem (VRP) for the first time
We present a numerical example for the GPDPTW problem and the corresponding optimum solution that is obtained from the proposed Hybrid Discrete Artificial Bee Colony (HDABC) algorithm described in Section 5 which is coded in C++ Builder 2010 software running on a personal computer using Intel Core i5, 2.60 gigahertz, 64-bits processor with 4 gigabyte RAM and Windows 8 OS
Summary
The amount of CO2 emission caused by transportation is significant for wider environmental and social impacts rather than just economic costs. It has direct effects on human health, e.g., pollution, and indirect ones, e.g., climate change. One of the most important decisions concerns the routing of vehicles with the minimum amount of CO2 emissions, since it offers great potential to reduce the fuel consumption and to ensure the preservation of a clean and green environment. Reducing fuel consumption can directly reduce carbon emissions. Fuel consumption accounts for as much as 60% of the operating cost of a vehicle, according to [1]. Reducing fuel consumption can reduce operating costs
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