A huge-amplitude white-light superflare on a L0 brown dwarf discovered by GWAC survey

Abstract

ABSTRACT White-light superflares from ultra-cool stars are thought to be resulted from magnetic reconnection, but the magnetic dynamics in a fully convective star is not clear yet. In this paper, we report a stellar superflare detected with the ground wide angle camera (GWAC), along with rapid follow-ups with the F60A, Xinglong 2.16-m, and LCOGT telescopes. The effective temperature of the counterpart is estimated to be 2200 ± 50 K by the BT-Settl model, corresponding to a spectral type of L0. The R-band light curve can be modelled as a sum of three exponential decay components, where the impulsive component contributes a fraction of 23 per cent of the total energy, while the gradual and the shallower decay phases emit 42 per cent and 35 per cent of the total energy, respectively. The strong and variable Balmer narrow emission lines indicate the large amplitude flare is resulted from magnetic activity. The bolometric energy released is about 6.4 × 1033 erg, equivalent to an energy release in a duration of 143.7 h at its quiescent level. The amplitude of Δ R = −8.6 mag (or Δ V = −11.2 mag), placing it one of the highest amplitudes of any ultra-cool star recorded with excellent temporal resolution. We argue that a stellar flare with such rapidly decaying and huge amplitude at distances greater than 1 kpc may be false positive in searching for counterparts of catastrophic events such as gravitational wave events or gamma-ray bursts, which are valuable in time-domain astronomy and should be given more attention.