A Homogeneous, High-Throughput Fluorescence Anisotropy-Based DNA Supercoiling Assay

Abstract

The degree of supercoiling of DNA is vital for cellular processes, such as replication and transcription. DNA topology is controlled by the action of DNA topoisomerase enzymes. Topoisomerases, because of their importance in cellular replication, are the targets of several anticancer and antibacterial drugs. In the search for new drugs targeting topoisomerases, a biochemical assay compatible with automated high-throughput screening (HTS) would be valuable. Gel electrophoresis is the standard method for measuring changes in the extent of supercoiling of plasmid DNA when acted upon by topoisomerases, but this is a low-throughput and laborious method. A medium-throughput method was described previously that quantitatively distinguishes relaxed and supercoiled plasmids by the difference in their abilities to form triplex structures with an immobilized oligonucleotide. In this article, the authors describe a homogeneous supercoiling assay based on triplex formation in which the oligonucleotide strand is labeled with a fluorescent dye and the readout is fluorescence anisotropy. The new assay requires no immobilization, filtration, or plate washing steps and is therefore well suited to HTS for inhibitors of topoisomerases. The utility of this assay is demonstrated with relaxation of supercoiled plasmid by Escherichia coli topoisomerase I, supercoiling of relaxed plasmid by E. coli DNA gyrase, and inhibition of gyrase by fluoroquinolones and nalidixic acid.