Abstract
Among pesticides and foliar sprays involved in the treatment of seed, soil, and grass, also to crops, an important group is neonicotinoids. Neonicotinoid pesticides present similar properties with nicotine, but the mentioned compounds are less harmful for humans. Nevertheless, neonicotinoids are poisonous to insects and some invertebrates, which can act against insects’ central nervous system, leading to their death. Moreover, neonicotinoids can affect the reproduction, foraging, and flying ability of honeybee and other insects including pollinators. In the present study, some neonicotinoids, such as imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam together with their toxic effects, have been presented. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies these neonicotinoids as II and III class toxicity agents. Due to accumulation of these pesticides into the pollen of treated plants, especially due to their toxic effects against pollinators, the consequences of the occurrence of these insecticides have been discussed. Analytical aspects and methods involved in the isolation and determination of this class of pesticides have been presented in this contribution.
Highlights
The increasing use of chemical products in different spheres of life brings benefits for the humanity and presents a large number of threats against the environment and in consequence to human health
Some farmers have been using plant protection agents, including pesticides, but this is with opposition of organic farmers, who promote the total elimination of pesticides
Other studies showed that nitenpyram analogs with acyclic imine substitute show high biological activity (Yamamoto et al 1998). These results show that cyclical skeleton is not an obligatory requirement for neonicotinoid to have insecticidal properties
Summary
The increasing use of chemical products in different spheres of life brings benefits for the humanity and presents a large number of threats against the environment and in consequence to human health. Very often the quality is not solely dependent on nature, and can be strongly influenced by chemical substances used for plant growing and protection. It is extremely important that pesticides and plant protection products are to be both effective and safe for organisms inhabiting a given environment. Another area to focus on is the life span of the used formulations because when they are persistent and their residue remains, they significantly endanger the environment. Neonicotinoids of the nitroguanidine type contain inside their structure N-nitro groups, which contain oxygen atoms; these particles are much more polar and reactive This group includes imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin (Fig. 4). Acetamiprid toxicity for bees is low as it is metabolized by their organism (Iwasa et al 2004)
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