Abstract
Microalgae contribute up to 60% of the oxygen content in the Earth’s atmosphere by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen during photosynthesis. Microalgae are abundantly available in the natural environment, thanks to their ability to survive and grow rapidly under harsh and inhospitable conditions. Microalgal cultivation is environmentally friendly because the microalgal biomass can be utilized for the productions of biofuels, food and feed supplements, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics. The cultivation of microalgal also can complement approaches like carbon dioxide sequestration and bioremediation of wastewaters, thereby addressing the serious environmental concerns. This review focuses on the factors affecting microalgal cultures, techniques adapted to obtain high-density microalgal cultures in photobioreactors, and the conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels. The applications of microalgae in carbon dioxide sequestration and phycoremediation of wastewater are also discussed.
Highlights
Energy is one of the basic necessities of modern life and is currently the most precious commodity required by consumers worldwide and by various industries
In 1997, countries around the world signed the Kyoto Protocol, the agreement under which the industrialized countries will reduce their collective emissions of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) by 5.2% compared to the 1990 value [12]
This review provides a brief description of the current knowledge on the upstream and downstream processes in microalgal biomass (MAB) management for biofuel application
Summary
Energy is one of the basic necessities of modern life and is currently the most precious commodity required by consumers worldwide and by various industries. The Paris Climate Conference in 2015 concluded with an agreement signed by 194 countries, to limit global the temperature increase to a minimum 2 ◦C, to peak greenhouse gas emissions early, and to arrive at alternative energy sources; in addition, the developed nations are to mobilize USD 100 billion a year to fund renewable energy research in developing countries. This review provides a brief description of the current knowledge on the upstream and downstream processes in MAB management for biofuel application This includes the cultivation of microalgae, the harvesting methodology, the biofuel conversion, and the application, challenges and. TThhiiss ffiigguurree rreepprreesseennttss tthhee mmaaxxiimmuumm ppoossssiibbllee PPEE aacchhiieevvaabbllee iinn tthheeoorryy,, aanndd ddiissrreeggaarrddss ootthheerr ffaaccttoorrss tthhaatt ccoouulldd rreedduuccee tthhee eeffffiicciieennccyy,, ffoorr iinnssttaannccee iinnssuuffffiicciieenntt lliigghhtt,, cloudy weather, or photorespiration. On the other hand, can yield significantly a higher PE value due to their simpler structure [19,20,21,22,23]
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