Abstract
We aimed to describe the main Arctic biogeographical patterns of the Collembola, and analyze historical factors and current climatic regimes determining Arctic collembolan species distribution. Furthermore, we aimed to identify possible dispersal routes, colonization sources and glacial refugia for Arctic collembola. We implemented a Gaussian Mixture Clustering method on species distribution ranges and applied a distance- based parametric bootstrap test on presence-absence collembolan species distribution data. Additionally, multivariate analysis was performed considering species distributions, biodiversity, cluster distribution and environmental factors (temperature and precipitation). No clear relation was found between current climatic regimes and species distribution in the Arctic. Gaussian Mixture Clustering found common elements within Siberian areas, Atlantic areas, the Canadian Arctic, a mid-Siberian cluster and specific Beringian elements, following the same pattern previously described, using a variety of molecular methods, for Arctic plants. Species distribution hence indicate the influence of recent glacial history, as LGM glacial refugia (mid-Siberia, and Beringia) and major dispersal routes to high Arctic island groups can be identified. Endemic species are found in the high Arctic, but no specific biogeographical pattern can be clearly identified as a sign of high Arctic glacial refugia. Ocean currents patterns are suggested as being an important factor shaping the distribution of Arctic Collembola, which is consistent with Antarctic studies in collembolan biogeography. The clear relations between cluster distribution and geographical areas considering their recent glacial history, lack of relationship of species distribution with current climatic regimes, and consistency with previously described Arctic patterns in a series of organisms inferred using a variety of methods, suggest that historical phenomena shaping contemporary collembolan distribution can be inferred through biogeographical analysis.
Highlights
The historical frame in which contemporary biogeographical patterns in the Arctic have been shaped is as yet a mystery for most species of invertebrates
Common elements were present within Siberian areas, Atlantic areas and the Canadian Arctic (Figure 2), with some wide-ranging species shared among all them
Just one cluster was found throughout the Arctic, comprising exclusively cosmopolitan and holarctic, species: Agrenia bidenticulata (Tullberg, 1876), Folsomia bisetosa Gisin, 1953, Folsomia quadrioculata (Tullberg, 1871), Pseudoisotoma sensibilis (Tullberg, 1876), Megalothorax minimus (Willem 1900), Oligaphorura groenlandica (Tullberg, 1876) and Sminthurides malmgreni (Tullberg, 1876). This is in contrast to the Beringian area (F, G) which showed a high number of species characteristic from that area (22 species from cluster 2 exclusive from G, and the 13 species from cluster 4, which are mainly found in F), some species characteristic of area F appear in area E: Tetracanthella martynovae Potapov, 1997, Psyllaphorura sensillifera (Martynova, 1981), Protaphorura neriensis (Martynova, 1976), Anurida bondarenkoae Tshelnokov, 1988) (Table 2)
Summary
The historical frame in which contemporary biogeographical patterns in the Arctic have been shaped is as yet a mystery for most species of invertebrates. For most species, whether any overall pattern defines their Arctic distribution has never been clarified, it is clear that not all species are found everywhere. Environment and physiological limitations, together with dispersal abilities, are frequently highlighted as major factors determining the ranges of species in different taxa [1], but more recently it has been highlighted that historical influences can contribute to contemporary patterns of biodiversity to a similar or greater extent than contemporary climatic regimes [2]. The Arctic arises as an ideal platform for studying the large scale dispersal abilities of terrestrial invertebrates as, for much of the area, a relatively accurate date estimate can be given to the ―opening of the niche‖ event.
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