A Historical Perspective on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention: A Journey Spanning Over Half a Century From the Setback of an Inactive Vaccine Candidate to the Success of Passive Immunization Strategy.

Abstract

The efforts to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants span over half a century. RSV vaccine development began in the 1960s, and it confronted a significant disappointment after testing a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI RSV) vaccine candidate. This inactivated RSV vaccine was not protective. A large number of the vaccinated RSV-naive children, when subsequently exposed to natural RSV infection from wild-type virus in the community, developed severe lung inflammation termed enhanced respiratory disease. This resulted in a halt in RSV vaccine development. In the 1990s, attention turned to the potential for passive protection against severe RSV disease with immunoglobulin administration. This led to studies on using standard intravenous immunoglobulins in high-risk infants, followed by high-titer RSV immunoglobulin preparation and, subsequently, the development of RSV monoclonal antibodies. Over the past 25 years, palivizumab has been recognized as a safe and effective monoclonal antibody as a prevention strategy for RSV in high-risk children. Its high cost and need for monthly administration, however, has hindered its use to ~2% of the birth cohort, neglecting the vast majority of newborns, including healthy full-term infants who comprise the largest portion of RSV hospitalizations and the greatest part of the burden of RSV disease. Still these efforts, helped pave the way for the present advances in RSV prevention that hold promise for mitigating severe RSV disease for all infants.