Abstract
Babesiosis is a globally important zoonotic disease caused by tick-borne intraerythrocytic protozoan of the genus Babesia (phylum apicomplexa). In China, there are five species that infect cattle buffalo and cause great economic loss, which include Babesia bigemina, B. bovis, B. major, B. ovata, and B. orientalis. Among them, B. orientalis is the most recently identified new Babesia species epidemic in China. This review summarized the work done in the past 33 years to give an overview of what learned about this parasite. This parasitic protozoan was found in 1984 in Central and South China and then named as B. orientalis in 1997 based on its differences in transmitting host, morphology, pathogenicity and characteristics of in vitro cultivation when compared with B. bigemina and B. bovis. It was found that Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides is the transmitting vector and water buffalo is the only reported host. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene also confirmed that B. orientalis is a new species. After species verification, four diagnostic methods including semi-nest PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay, reverse line blot hybridization assay, and real-time PCR were established for lab and field use purposes. Genomic sequencing was conducted and the complete genomes of mitochondria and apicoplast were annotated. Future work will be focused on developing effective vaccines, identifying drug targets and screening useful drugs for controlling B. orientalis in water buffalo.
Highlights
Babesia orientalis is a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite infecting red blood cells and causing water buffalo babesiosis
Babesia orientalis in China the differences in transmitting vector, morphology, pathogenicity and characteristics of in vitro cultivation when compared with B. bovis and B. bigemina (Ma et al, 1989; Zhao et al, 1997)
Water buffalo has been identified as the only natural host and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides is the only vector for B. orientalis (Ma et al, 1989)
Summary
Babesia orientalis is a tick-borne apicomplexan parasite infecting red blood cells and causing water buffalo babesiosis. It is one of the most important diseases of water buffalo in central and south China, resulting in huge economy loss annually (Chen et al, 1984, 1988). The finding means B. orientalis had been spread to nonepidemic areas (Figure 2), possibly by convenient transportations of water buffalo from south to north because more and more bridges built on the river make the river no longer a natural barrier. The results further confirmed that B. orientalis was spread rapidly and the natural barrier was destroyed This is a serious threat to the water buffalo industry (He et al, 2009b)
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