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Abstract
The clavicle is the first bone to begin the process of ossification and the last one to complete it. Whilst histological studies of the clavicle have been focused mainly on embryonic events, our study focused on post natal clavicle development. The objective of this study was to perform a qualitative description of the clavicle’s epiphyseal growth to further shed light on the postnatal ossification process. Histological studies performed on clavicles obtained from cadavers confirmed medial and lateral extremities as true physes. Unlike the development of other long bones, no secondary ossification centre was present at the acromial end. Furthermore, appearance of the sternal end was observed after the age of 18, as evidenced in clavicles from a 19-year old individual. The articular surface of the clavicle’s acromial end was fibrocartilage. No histological studies have been performed before describing postnatal development of clavicular ends. Our data confirm the absence of an acromial secondary ossification centre, the late development of a secondary ossification centre at the sternal end, and the presence of fibrocartilage at the acromial end.
Highlights
Bone formation can ensue by two different processes both derived from primitive mesenchymal tissue: intramembranous or endochondral ossification [1,2,3]
This study provides a detailed histological evaluation of postnatal anatomy of the human clavicle, mainly the ossification centres of its two ends in a unique collection of samples from new-born babies to individuals of age 19 (Figure 2)
Cells began to exhibit a distinct polarization within a plane, known as planar cell polarity (PCP) organization towards the acromial end http://ciencias.javeriana.edu.co/investigacion/universitas-scientiarum
Summary
Bone formation can ensue by two different processes both derived from primitive mesenchymal tissue: intramembranous or endochondral ossification [1,2,3]. Intramembranous ossification occurs directly from primitive foetal mesenchyme differentiating into osteoblasts and forming bone. Endochondral ossification requires first the formation of a cartilage mould, or anlagen, in a process known as chondrogenesis, followed by bone formation. These processes encompass a series of events starting with mesenchymal cell differentiation into chondrocytes. Change their phenotype by increasing in volume as they hypertrophy. A calcified matrix is synthesized by hypertrophic
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