A highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for simultaneous determination of hydroquinone and bisphenol A based on the ultrafine Pd nanoparticle@TiO2 functionalized SiC

Abstract

A titanium dioxide–silicon carbide nanohybrid (TiO2–SiC) with enhanced electrochemical performance was successfully prepared through a facile generic in situ growth strategy. Monodispersed ultrafine palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) with a uniform size of ∼2.3nm were successfully obtained on the TiO2–SiC surface via a chemical reduction method. The Pd-loaded TiO2–SiC nanohybrid (Pd@TiO2–SiC) was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. A method for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of hydroquinone (HQ) and bisphenol A (BPA) using a Pd@TiO2–SiC nanocomposite-modified glassy carbon electrode was established. Utilizing the favorable properties of Pd NPs, the Pd@TiO2–SiC nanohybrid-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited electrochemical performance superior to those of TiO2–SiC and SiC. Differential pulse voltammetry was successfully used to simultaneously quantify HQ and BPA within the concentration range of 0.01–200μM under optimal conditions. The detection limits (S/N=3) of the Pd@TiO2–SiC nanohybrid electrode for HQ and BPA were 5.5 and 4.3nM, respectively. The selectivity of the electrochemical sensor was improved by introducing 10% ethanol to the buffer medium. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by the simultaneous detection of HQ and BPA in tap water and wastewater samples. The simple and straightforward strategy presented in this paper are important for the facile fabrication of ultrafine metal NPs@metal oxide–SiC hybrids with high electrochemical performance and catalytic activity.