Abstract

Herein we report a new carbazole-benzo[e]indolium dye (CEBI) as a ratiometric fluorescent and chromogenic probe for sulfite (SO32−) detection based on intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. Upon treatment with SO32−, the probe CEBI displayed a remarkable fluorescence ratiometric response (∼560-fold fluorescenc enhancement) together with a color change from red to weak red and a large shift (135nm) in emission wavelength. The experimentally observed changes in the spectral features of the probe upon addition of SO32− were systematically studied using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI–MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. We found a linear relationship between the ratio of fluorescence intensities at 465nm and 600nm (F465/F600) and SO32− concentration over the range of 0–40μM with a detection limit of 0.025μM. Moreover, the novel probe demonstrated fluorescence imaging of SO32− in living cells and zebrafish, suggesting its potential in clinical diagnostics.

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