Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was crucial for maintaining the homeostasis in cells and plays vital roles in many physiological and pathological processes. In this work, a highly selective fluorescent probe for hypochlorous acid in living cells was constructed and prepared based on a naphthalene derivative. A naphthalene derivative was utilized as the fluorescent group, and N,N-dimethylthiocarbamate was applied as the selective recognition site for HOCl. Before adding HOCl, the fluorescent probe exhibited weak fluorescence. Upon adding HOCl, the fluorescent probe displayed remarkable fluorescence enhancement. The fluorescence intensity at 502 nm showed a linear response to the concentration of HOCl from 3.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol·L−1. The detection limit was estimated to be 1.5 × 10−7 mol·L−1 for HOCl. The fluorescent probe showed fast response and outstanding selectivity toward HOCl. It owned good biocompatibility and had also been successfully applied in the confocal imaging of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in living cells.
Highlights
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as an important reactive oxygen species (ROS), played a vital role in various physiological and pathological processes [1, 2]
Fluorescent assay for HOCl possessed the prominent characteristics of rapidity, high sensitivity, and selectivity, noninvasiveness, and real-time determination [16–18]. erefore, most fluorescent probes for detecting HOCl had been reported. e design strategy of most HOCl fluorescent probes was based on the specific reaction between the recognition group and HOCl, thereby producing a strong fluorescent product. ese HOCl recognition groups included p-methoxyphenol [19], p-aminophenyl ether [20, 21], thioether [22–24], thioester [25, 26], hydrazide
[27–29], rhodamine hydroxamic acid [30], selenide [31, 32], unsaturated C C [33–35], oxime [36, 37], thiocarbamate [38, 39], and others [40]. ese specific reactions could effectively distinguish HOCl from other ROS. Some of these HOCl fluorescent probes had some limitations for the detection of real samples such as relatively slow response time [27, 40] and comparatively low sensitivity [31, 36]. us, it was still desirable that a new HOCl fluorescent probe possessed rapid response time and high sensitivity
Summary
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as an important reactive oxygen species (ROS), played a vital role in various physiological and pathological processes [1, 2]. Many analytical methods had been utilized to detect HOCl, such as electrochemical analysis [10], mass spectrometry [11], high-performance liquid chromatography [12], ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry [13], chemiluminescence detection [14], and fluorometry [15]. In these methods, fluorescent assay for HOCl possessed the prominent characteristics of rapidity, high sensitivity, and selectivity, noninvasiveness, and real-time determination [16–18]. Ese specific reactions could effectively distinguish HOCl from other ROS. Some of these HOCl fluorescent probes had some limitations for the detection of real samples such as relatively slow response time [27, 40] and comparatively low sensitivity [31, 36]. The probe displayed almost no cell cytotoxicity and had been effectively utilized in the confocal imaging of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in living cells
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