Abstract
An energy-harvesting interface for kinetic energy harvesting from high-voltage piezoelectric and triboelectric generators is proposed in this paper. Unlike the conventional kinetic energy-harvesting interfaces optimized for continuous sinusoidal input, the proposed harvesting interface can efficiently handle irregular and random high voltage energy inputs. An N-type mosfet (NMOS)-only power stage design is introduced to simplify power switch drivers and minimize conduction loss. Controller active mode power is also reduced by introducing a new voltage peak detector. For efficient operation with potentially long intervals between random kinetic energy inputs, standby power consumption is minimized by monitoring the input with a 43 pW wake-up controller and power-gating all other circuits during the standby intervals. The proposed harvesting interface can harvest energy from a wide range of energy inputs, 10 s of nJ to 10 s of µJ energy/pulse, with an input voltage range of 5–200 V and an output range of 2.4–4 V under discontinuous as well as continuous excitation. The proposed interface is examined in two scenarios, with integrated power stage devices (maximum input 45 V) and with discrete power stage devices (maximum input 200 V), and the harvesting efficiency is improved by up to 600% and 1350%, respectively, compared to the case when harvesting is performed with a full bridge rectifier.
Highlights
Kinetic energy harvesting has been drawing significant attention in recent years since it can potentially extend battery lifetime or even facilitate energy autonomy for battery-operated IoT systems or portable/wearable electronics [1,2,3]
All high-voltage switches in the power stages are implemented with 40 V-rated integrated devices
A novel harvesting interface has been introduced in this work for harvesting kinetic energy under irregular as well as periodic excitation
Summary
Kinetic energy harvesting has been drawing significant attention in recent years since it can potentially extend battery lifetime or even facilitate energy autonomy for battery-operated IoT systems or portable/wearable electronics [1,2,3]. Periodic charging/discharging of a sampling capacitor incurs power overhead, which may lead to inefficient harvesting at low-energy input These factors suggest the potential for improvement in discontinuous harvesting interface efficiency by adopting an HV NMOS power stage, lowering standby power by an ultra-low quiescent current wake-up controller (WUC) and reducing harvesting interface active mode controller power overhead by the use of an efficient voltage peak detection scheme. Efficiency by adopting an HV NMOS power stage, lowering standby power by an ultra-low quiescent current wake-up controller (WUC) and reducing harvesting interface active mode controller power overhead by the use of an efficient voltage peak detection scheme. To drive M3, an output (VBAT) referenced, low-voltage device driving scheme is introduced in in a significant reduction in power standby as compared to the prior arts. Improves efficiency by offering a better tradeoff between switching and conduction loss
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