Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is commonly treated with a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors. However, since H. pylori is becoming increasingly resistant to standard antibiotic regimens, novel treatment strategies are needed. Previous studies have demonstrated that black and red berries may have antibacterial properties. Therefore, we analyzed the antibacterial effects of black and red raspberries and blackberries on H. pylori. Freeze-dried powders and organic extracts from black and red raspberries and blackberries were prepared, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the concentrations of anthocyanins, which are considered the major active ingredients. To monitor antibiotic effects of the berry preparations on H. pylori, a high-throughput metabolic growth assay based on the Biolog system was developed and validated with the antibiotic metronidazole. Biocompatibility was analyzed using human gastric organoids. All berry preparations tested had significant bactericidal effects in vitro, with MIC90 values ranging from 0.49 to 4.17%. Antimicrobial activity was higher for extracts than powders and appeared to be independent of the anthocyanin concentration. Importantly, human gastric epithelial cell viability was not negatively impacted by black raspberry extract applied at the concentration required for complete bacterial growth inhibition. Our data suggest that black and red raspberry and blackberry extracts may have potential applications in the treatment and prevention of H. pylori infection but differ widely in their MICs. Moreover, we demonstrate that the Biolog metabolic assay is suitable for high-throughput antimicrobial susceptibility screening of H. pylori.
Highlights
Helicobacter pylori is the major cause of human gastric disease worldwide [1,2]
An optimum preparation of black raspberry extract used at 0.5% led to complete inhibition of H. pylori growth but did not affect the viability of primary gastric epithelial cells. These results suggest that preparations from black and red raspberries and blackberries have potential as novel antimicrobial agents to combat H. pylori infection
In order to study the potential antibacterial effects of black raspberry (BRB), red raspberry (RRB) and blackberry (BB) compounds on H. pylori, freeze-dried berry powders were purchased from different suppliers or were prepared in our laboratory from fresh-frozen berries
Summary
H. pylori is an acid-resistant, Gram-negative bacterium that persistently infects the gastric mucosa of approximately half the world’s population, leading to chronic active gastritis [1]. A proportion of infected individuals develop peptic ulcer disease, autoimmune gastritis or gastric adenocarcinoma, the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality [3]. Increased resistance to two of the standard antibiotics included in H. pylori treatment regimens, clarithromycin and metronidazole, has been reported in multiple studies, with resistance rates ranging from 22 to 80% [5,6]. Clarithromycin-resistant H. pylori was included in the WHO’s high-priority pathogens list for research and development of new antibiotics [7]. The high failure rate of traditional H. pylori therapies points to an urgent need for novel alternative treatments or preventative strategies to combat H
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