Abstract
PurposeDietary intake can affect energy homeostasis and influence body weight control. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of high-protein total diet replacement (HP-TDR) versus a control (CON) diet in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis in healthy, normal-weight adults.MethodsIn this acute randomized controlled, cross-over study, participants completed two isocaloric arms: a) HP-TDR: 35% carbohydrate, 40% protein, and 25% fat; b) CON: 55% carbohydrate, 15% protein, and 30% fat. The diets were provided for 32 h while inside a whole-body calorimetry unit. Appetite sensations, appetite-related hormones, and energy metabolism were assessed.ResultsForty-three healthy, normal-weight adults (19 females) participated. Appetite sensations did not differ between diets (all p > 0.05). Compared to the CON diet, the change in fasting blood markers during the HP-TDR intervention was smaller for peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY; − 18.9 ± 7.9 pg/mL, p = 0.02) and greater for leptin (1859 ± 652 pg/mL, p = 0.007). Moreover, postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (1.62 ± 0.36 pM, p < 0.001) and PYY (31.37 ± 8.05 pg/mL, p < 0.001) were higher in the HP-TDR. Significant correlations were observed between energy balance and satiety (r = − 0.41, p = 0.007), and energy balance and PFC (r = 0.33, p = 0.033) in the HP-TDR.ConclusionCompared to the CON diet, the HP-TDR increased blood levels of anorexigenic hormones. Moreover, females and males responded differently to the intervention in terms of appetite sensations and appetite-related hormones.Trial registrationNCT02811276 (retrospectively registered on 16 June 2016) and NCT03565510 (retrospectively registered on 11 June 2018).
Highlights
Food intake and energy homeostasis are key determinants of body weight control and regulated by several external and internal factors, such as the environment, individual’s physiology, and genetics [1]
The primary findings of our study were that compared to a standard North American diet (CON), the HP-Total diet replacements (TDR) increased blood levels of anorexigenic hormones and reduced the PFC in females
Correlations were observed between energy balance and satiety, as well as between energy balance and PFC
Summary
Food intake and energy homeostasis are key determinants of body weight control and regulated by several external and internal factors, such as the environment, individual’s physiology, and genetics [1]. It has been demonstrated that individuals with obesity present with a decreased response or resistance to peripheral and central regulators of food intake and energy homeostasis [4]. An attenuated fall in postprandial ghrelin levels, leptin resistance, lower levels of peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are usually present in obesity, as reviewed by Miller, Ullrey [5] and Perry, Wang [6]. These abnormal hormonal responses can affect food intake and energy homeostasis, potentially contributing to a state of positive energy imbalance (i.e., energy intake > energy expenditure [EE]). Understanding the sex-based differences in food intake regulation is crucial when implementing nutritional interventions for the prevention and treatment of obesity
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