Abstract

The glucose fuel cells (GFCs) leverage the implant surface as an electrode, representing an optimal approach for miniaturizing implantable power sources. A conductive hydrogel electrode membrane is crafted through in situ reduction and electrochemical co-deposition techniques by employing bacterial cellulose as a scaffold. This process enables the seamless integration of the GFC directly onto the implant surface. The integrated GFC exhibits an impressive open-circuit voltage peak of 0.894 V and a peak power density of 94.7 μW cm−2. Additionally, the fuel cell demonstrates resistance to chloride ion toxicity under simulated interstitial fluid conditions. Although performance within horse serum is moderate, the methodology presents a viable strategy for developing GFCs on implant surfaces.

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