Abstract
Hierarchically ordered scaffold has a great impact on cell patterning and tissue engineering. The introduction of controllable coils into a scaffold offers an additional unique structural feature compared to conventional linear patterned scaffolds and can greatly increase interior complexity and versatility. In this work, 3D coil compacted scaffolds with hierarchically ordered patterns and tunable coil densities created using speed-programmed melt electrospinning writing (sMEW) successfully led to in vitro cell growth in patterns with tunable cell density. Subcutaneous implantation in mice showed great in vivo biocompatibility, as evidenced by no significant increase in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels in mouse serum. In addition, a lumbar vertebra was successfully printed for mesenchymal stem cells to grow in the desired pattern. A long-range patterned matrix composed of programmable short-range compacted coils enabled the design of complex structures, e.g., for tailored implants, by readily depositing short-range coil-compacted secondary architectures along with customized primary design.
Highlights
Cell therapy, especially stem-cell transplantation, has attracted extensive attention as a promising treatment for many diseases since the day it was proposed[1,2,3,4,5,6]
In summary, a hierarchically ordered 3D coil compacted scaffold was successfully prepared by using the speed-programmed melt electrospinning writing (sMEW) method, in which variable long-range patterns and shortrange tunable coil density can be readily achieved
Longrange macroscale shape mimicry is aimed at macroscale support for tissue engineering; with its abundant surface area and tunable mechanical properties, short-range tailored coil compactness can enhance microscale, cell-cell spatiotemporal modulation, and cellextracellular matrix interactions
Summary
Especially stem-cell transplantation, has attracted extensive attention as a promising treatment for many diseases since the day it was proposed[1,2,3,4,5,6]. In the typical process of cell transplantation, donor tissue is dissociated into individual cells, and a proper scaffold is needed to support cell growth, differentiation or functionalization in vitro. The functional cells carried by the scaffold are implanted at the disease site to promote tissue repair or regeneration[7,8]. Many three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds have been reported as structural supports for cells to promote attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, to yield functionally viable tissues as the ultimate goal[9,10,11]. Inspired by the threedimensional (3D) printing technique, a melt electrospinning writing (MEW) process was proposed[20,21,22], by which
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