Abstract
Cooperative vehicular networking has been widely studied in recent years. Existing evolution game theoretic approaches to study cooperative behavior in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) are mainly based on the assumption that VANET is constructed as a homogeneous network. This modeling method only extracts part attributes of vehicles and does not distinguish the differences between strategy and attribute. In this paper, we focus on the heterogeneous network model based on the public goods game theory for VANET. Then we propose a Dynamic Altruism Public Goods Game (DAPGG) model consisting of rational nodes, altruistic nodes, and zealots to more realistically characterize the real VANET. Rational nodes only care about their own benefits, altruistic nodes comprehensively consider the payoffs in the neighborhood, while zealots insist on behaving cooperatively. Finally, we explore the impacts of these attributes on the evolution of cooperation under different network conditions. The simulation results show that only adding altruistic nodes can effectively improve the proportion of cooperators, but it may cause conflicts between individual benefits and neighborhood benefits. Altruistic nodes together with zealots can better improve the proportion of cooperators, even if the network conditions are not suitable for the spread of cooperative behavior.
Highlights
With the development of vehicle networking and related technologies, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) has a great potential in our in-car experience to make travel safer and faster
We propose a Dynamic Altruism Public Goods Game (DAPGG) model to explore the impacts of altruistic nodes and zealots on the cooperator proportion of VANET in heterogeneous networks
The results show that the introduction of altruistic nodes can effectively promote the proportion of cooperators to increase steadily with the synergy factor r
Summary
With the development of vehicle networking and related technologies, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) has a great potential in our in-car experience to make travel safer and faster. Game theory has served as a general theoretical framework to model and analyze group interactions In early times, it mainly focused on the optimization of algorithm [5], and improved vehicle cooperation through incentives mechanism or optimization of the utility function [6,7]. Previous works [3,4,9] mainly focused on applying PGG and its variants to the VANET and encouraged participants to forward packets These works implicitly assumed that the survival of a cooperative strategy depends on the benefits achieved from the public pool in comparison with other strategies. Mobile nodes such as vehicles are divided into two types: rational and altruistic, while static nodes such as city-owned transport infrastructures remain as important intermediaries for packet forwarding under low network density In such a heterogeneous architecture, both mobile and static nodes are equipped with V2I communication interfaces.
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