Abstract
Objective: Green, easy, and sensitive vortex-assisted ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique (VA-IL-DLLME) was developed to preconcentrate and determine trace quantities of cadmium (Cd2+) ions from real food samples, before detection by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
 Methods: The proposed technique base on the utilization of IL (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate) as an extraction solvent for Cd2+ ions after the complexation with 2-(2’-benzothiazolylazo) chromotropic acid at pH 8.0. The impact of different analytical parameters on microextraction efficiency was investigated. The validation of the proposed procedure was verified by the test of certified reference material (SRM spinach leaves 1570A) applying the standard addition method.
 Results: In the range of 1.0–300 μg/L, the calibration graph was linear. Limit of detection, preconcentration factor and the relative standard deviation (RSD%, 25, 150, and 250 μg/L, n=5) were 0.2 μg/L, 100, and 2.0–3.2%, respectively.
 Conclusion: Green, VA-IL-DLLME method was developed and applied to preconcentrate and determine of trace quantities of Cd2+ in real food samples with satisfactory results. The obtained recovery values showed good agreement with the certified values.
Highlights
Cadmium (Cd2+) is considered to be one of the important hazardous heavy metals due to its toxicity in living organisms at low concentration levels [1]
The utilization of vortex-assisted ionic liquids (ILs)-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique (VA-IL-DLLME) method combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) has some advantages such as simplicity, economy, lower limit of detection (LOD), higher preconcentration factor (PF), and environmentally friendly
The influence of pH on the VA-IL-DLPME microextraction technique of Cd2+-BTANC complex was studied at a pH range of 3.0–10
Summary
Cadmium (Cd2+) is considered to be one of the important hazardous heavy metals due to its toxicity in living organisms at low concentration levels [1]. The estimation of trace Cd2+ in different types of various samples is a very important objective for chemists using effective methods [3,4,5]. Trace quantities of Cd2+ in real samples are less than the detection limit of some instruments such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) or GF-AAS and coexisting ion interference is two limitations in estimations [6,7,8]. The ionic liquids (ILs) were used as environmentally friendly solvents because of their excellent physicochemical characteristics such as frivolous vapor pressure, economical, green, selective solubility, thermal stabilities, and good extracts for various organic compounds and metal ions [22,23,24,25]. The utilization of vortex-assisted IL-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction technique (VA-IL-DLLME) method combined with FAAS has some advantages such as simplicity, economy, lower limit of detection (LOD), higher preconcentration factor (PF), and environmentally friendly
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