Abstract
Cellulose, as a green and available phytochemical, was immobilized on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles then doped with imidazole and Co. complex (Fe3O4@CNF ∼ ImSBL ∼ Co.) and used as a water-dispersible, recyclable and efficient nano catalyst for the synthesis of C−C cross-coupling reactions including fluoride-free Hiyama and Suzuki reactions in an aqueous medium as an efficient and vital solvent, due to their high application and importance in various fields of science. Different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used for the catalyst characterization such XRD, FESEM, TEM, FT-IR, EDX, DLS, VSM, UV-Vis, and ICP analyses. The presence of imidazole as ionic section tags with hydrophilic character on the Co-complex supported on magnetic nanoparticles provides dispersion of the catalyst particles in water, which leads to both higher catalytic performance and also facile catalyst recovery and reuse six times by successive extraction and final magnetic separation. High catalytic activity was found for the catalyst and high to excellent efficiency was obtained for all Suzuki (80–98% yield; E factor: 1.1–1.9) and Hiyama (87–98% yield; E factor: 0.26–1.1) derivatives in short reaction times under mild reaction conditions in the absence of any hazardous or expensive materials. There is not any noticeable by-product found whether for Suzuki or Hiyama derivatives, which reflects the high selectivity and also the lower the E factor the more favorable is the process in view of green chemistry. The bi-aryls were achieved from the reaction of various aryl iodides/bromides and even chlorides as the highly challenging substrates, which are more available and cheaper, with triethoxyphenylsilane or phenylboronic acid. To prove the performance of the catalyst components (synergistic of SBL ∼ Co. and IL), its different homologs were incorporated individually and studied for a model reaction. Exclusively, this is an introductory statement on the use of Cobalt binuclear symmetric ionic liquid catalysts in Hiyama reactions.
Highlights
Green chemistry is the design of chemicals and operations that minimize or remove dangerous substances from the environment
Green chemistry seeks to reduce and prevent environmental pollution, As the importance of green chemistry has increased during the last decade, synthesizing new recyclable nano catalyst has been a focus of the scientific community
In order to study the catalysts, a heterogeneous, magnetically recoverable Fe3O4@Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) ∼ ImSBL ∼ Co. nano catalyst was prepared by immobilization of a novel Co. (II) Schiff base complex on Fe3O4@CNF nanoparticles followed by treatment with imidazole, and was found to be an efficient catalyst for the Suzuki and Hiyama reactions
Summary
Green chemistry is the design of chemicals and operations that minimize or remove dangerous substances from the environment. Green chemistry seeks to reduce the adverse effects of chemical experiments on the environment by preventing the contamination of resources (Kim and Li, 2020). These methods include replacing organic solvents with water, using supercritical fluids and using ionic liquids, and using nontoxic catalysts (Ran et al, 2008; Ghamari Kargar et al, 2018). One of the essential general criteria that support chemical changes to green chemistry is low temperatures and environmentally friendly solvents and prevent the formation of waste or excess materials using heterogeneous catalysts (Zhu et al, 2010; Duan et al, 2015; Byrne et al, 2016; Ghamari Kargar et al, 2020). As an ideal renewable catalytic source, ionic liquids with non-toxic metals and magnetic substrates are the most promising options for environmentally friendly nano catalytic processes, and in general, research in the field of the nanocatalysts has always been one of the most exciting topics in nanochemistry and green chemistry (Janiak, 2013; Rathee et al, 2020)
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