Abstract
The valorization of solid waste hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) by a non-conventional method is presented in this article. Hemp polyphenols were extracted using aqueous solutions of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as an eco-friendly extraction solvent. Cyclodextrins (CD’s) are known to enhance the extraction of polyphenols in water by forming water soluble inclusion complexes. The process was optimized by implementing a response surface methodology (RSM) that took into consideration the following independent variables: CD concentration (CCD), solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L), and temperature (T). The assessment of the extraction model was based on two responses: the total polyphenol yield (YTP) and the antiradical activity (AAR). The optimum operating conditions were found to be: CD concentration, 32.1% (w/v); solid/solvent ratio, 1/15.2 g/mL; and extraction temperature, 28 °C. Different kinetic models were employed to fit with experimental data and the Peleg’s model was successfully developed for describing the mechanism of extraction under different processing parameters.
Highlights
The demand for renewable chemicals is nowadays directing industrial practices towards manufacturing procedures with higher sustainability to minimize waste generation, improve cost-effectiveness, reduce energy consumption, and meet customer demand [1]
Three different mathematical approaches were selected for the kinetic modelling of extraction of hemp polyphenols, namely, the Peleg’s model, the first-order kinetic model, and the second-order kinetic model
The screening carried out was designed to evaluate the effect of three selected variables, that is the solid-to-liquid ratio (S/L in g/mL), the CD concentration (CCD in % w/v), and the temperature (T in ◦ C) on the total polyphenol yield (YTP in mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dw) and the antiradical activity (AAR in μmol TRE/g dw)
Summary
The demand for renewable chemicals is nowadays directing industrial practices towards manufacturing procedures with higher sustainability to minimize waste generation, improve cost-effectiveness, reduce energy consumption, and meet customer demand [1]. The rational exploitation of waste plant material is largely based on white biotechnology and environmentally benign physico-chemical processes, aimed at fully utilizing the bio-organic constituents. In this regard green extraction is a notion, based on the principles of green engineering and green chemistry, which promotes sustainable extraction processes as a result of using non petroleum-based solvents and renewable plant material [2]. Aqueous solutions of cyclodextrins could be considered an alternative to green solvents, since upon formation the complexes between the hydrophobic cavities and the polyphenols enhance the yield of extraction
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