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Abstract
In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries ( N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.
Highlights
Much of human activity is time bound, both chronologically and psychologically
We aim to address these shortcomings by examining the extent to which the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), an instrument that uses the most comprehensive conception of time perspective (McGrath & Tschan, 2004) and that validly and reliably assesses time perspective in a Western context, captures dimensions of time perspective in a diverse set of other cultures
Most studies have focused on the cross-cultural variations of the time dimension of cultures, splitting between contrasted profiles across cultures. This focus and the many claims to consider differences in time orientations, perceptions, or perspectives led to a wide variety of approaches that did not yield an integrative theory or a relevant measure to assess these variations systematically
Summary
Much of human activity is time bound, both chronologically and psychologically. The subjective perception of time, in the form of perceived duration, synchrony, pace of life, and more, as well as our temporal perspectives are deeply ingrained. McGrath and Tschan (2004) distinguished four processes in temporal aspects of everyday life: time use, pace of life, time perception, and time orientation. Pace of life refers to the speed of doing everyday activities. Time perception is about how humans judge the passage of time and is often studied within individuals by their estimations of duration of specific temporal intervals, and feelings about the passage of time in general. Time orientation refers to how people compare the present to the future (hopes and fears)
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