A global long-term (1981–2019) daily land surface radiation budget product from AVHRR satellite data using a residual convolutional neural network

Abstract

Abstract. The surface radiation budget, also known as all-wave net radiation (Rn), is a key parameter for various land surface processes including hydrological, ecological, agricultural, and biogeochemical processes. Satellite data can be effectively used to estimate Rn, but existing satellite products have coarse spatial resolutions and limited temporal coverage. In this study, a point-surface matching estimation (PSME) method is proposed to estimate surface Rn using a residual convolutional neural network (RCNN) integrating spatially adjacent information to improve the accuracy of retrievals. A global high-resolution (0.05∘), long-term (1981–2019), and daily mean Rn product was subsequently generated from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data. Specifically, the RCNN was employed to establish a nonlinear relationship between globally distributed ground measurements from 522 sites and AVHRR top-of-atmosphere (TOA) observations. Extended triplet collocation (ETC) technology was applied to address the spatial-scale mismatch issue resulting from the low spatial support of ground measurements within the AVHRR footprint by selecting reliable sites for model training. The overall independent validation results show that the generated AVHRR Rn product is highly accurate, with R2, root-mean-square error (RMSE), and bias of 0.84, 26.77 W m−2 (31.54 %), and 1.16 W m−2 (1.37 %), respectively. Inter-comparisons with three other Rn products, i.e., the 5 km Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS); the 1∘ Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES); and the 0.5∘ × 0.625∘ Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), illustrate that our AVHRR Rn retrievals have the best accuracy under most of the considered surface and atmospheric conditions, especially thick-cloud or hazy conditions. However, the performance of the model needs to be further improved for the snow/ice cover surface. The spatiotemporal analyses of these four Rn datasets indicate that the AVHRR Rn product reasonably replicates the spatial pattern and temporal evolution trends of Rn observations. The long-term record (1981–2019) of the AVHRR Rn product shows its value in climate change studies. This dataset is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5546316 for 1981–2019 (Xu et al., 2021).