Abstract
BackgroundMaintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides.MethodsCountry metadata on vector surveillance and control activities was collected using an online survey by National Malaria Control Programmes or partner organization officials. Country and regional surveillance activities were analysed for alignment with indicators for priority vector surveillance objectives recommended by the World Health Organization. Surveillance activities were also compared for countries in the E2020 (eliminating countries) and countries with more intense transmission.ResultsSignificant differences in monitoring priority vector indicators between Africa and Asia-Pacific country programmes were found as well as differences between countries approaching elimination and those controlling malaria. Gaps were found between vector data collected and country management strategies (i.e., for insecticide resistance management and integrated vector control strategies) and for making programmatic decisions on surveillance and control using vector surveillance data.ConclusionsSignificant opportunities exist for increasing vector data collection on priority indicators and using these data for national programmatic decisions for both proactive insecticide resistance management and enhancing vector control.
Highlights
Maintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended malaria vector control strategies for programmatic implementation are limited to IRS coverage were most frequently conducted (ITN) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) against adult mosquitoes with larval source management (LSM) as a supplemental intervention [5]
The proportion of Global analyses of malaria vector control and surveillance by regions Vector control interventions implemented Thirty-four malaria endemic countries and one country recently certified as malaria-free participated in the survey [Africa (n = 18), Asia–Pacific (n = 14) and the Americas (n = 3)] between 1 November 2017 and 19 November 2018 (Fig. 1)
Summary
Maintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides. Global malaria cases decreased significantly from 2000 to 2015 with most of the reduction attributed to vector control with insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [1, 2]. While the number of LLINs distributed and in use continues to increase, the number of people protected by IRS, while still significant, diminished from 180 million globally in 2010 to 116 million in 2017 [1]. Significant unintended but inevitable challenges emerged from insecticide selection pressure from malaria control: vector distributions have changed [7, 8], insecticide resistance (IR) has grown [9] and biting patterns (locations and times) have shifted [10]
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