A Glimpse into the Past: The Recent Evolution of Globular Clusters

Abstract

We present the serendipitous discovery of 195 extragalactic globular clusters (GCs) in one of the deepest optical images ever obtained, a 126 orbit Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) imaging study of the nearby Galactic GC NGC 6397. The distant GCs are all found surrounding a bright elliptical galaxy in the field and are among the faintest objects detected in the image, with magnitudes 26 ≲ F814W ≲ 30. We measure the redshift of the parent elliptical galaxy, using the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) on Gemini South, to be z = 0.089 (375 Mpc). This galaxy, and its associated clusters, therefore ranks as one of the most distant such systems discovered to date. The measured light from these clusters was emitted 1.2 Gyr ago (the look-back time) and therefore the optical properties hold clues for understanding the evolution of GCs over the past Gyr. We measure the color function of the bright GCs and find that both a blue and red population exist, and that the colors of each subpopulation are redder than GCs in local elliptical galaxies of comparable luminosity. For the blue clusters, the observed color difference from z = 0.089 to today is only slightly larger than predictions from stellar evolution (e.g., changes in the luminosity and color of the main-sequence turnoff and the morphology of the horizontal branch). A larger color difference is found in the red clusters, possibly suggesting that they are very metal-rich and/or significantly younger than 12 Gyr.