A Glimpse at the Democratic Legitimacy of Private Standards - Democratic Legitimacy as Public Accountability: The Case of GLOBALG.A.P.

Abstract

This paper seeks to shed light on a notion that is often considered essential in conferring global regulatory authority, but is rarely defined in contemporary scholarship on global governance: the notion of legitimacy. The authors center their analysis on the value of democracy as one of the seminal determinants of the legitimacy of regulatory actors and the norms they adopt. They further focus on the democratic legitimacy of norms adopted by global private actors. A specific breed of such ‘private standards’ is studied, namely those addressing food safety. More in particular, the leading standard scheme for good agricultural practices – GLOBALG.A.P. – is taken as a case study. The authors view democratic legitimacy in global governance as a function of the ‘public accountability’ of the relevant regulatory actors, which comprises a prospective and a retrospective dimension. Public accountability is analyzed as this link which unites, in a democratic fashion, a regulatory actor and its public, i.e. the ensemble of the people who are affected by its regulatory activities. The prospective dimension of public accountability covers the manner in which the regulatory actor ‘takes into account’ the preferences and interests of its public. This encompasses practical strategies of public participation. The retrospective dimension of public accountability relates to how the regulatory actor ‘renders account’ of its regulatory activities to its public. This entails that processes be put in place to ensure public oversight. GLOBALG.A.P.’s standard-setting is assessed in light of this analytical framework. The authors find that, while the accountability of GLOBALG.A.P. as a regulatory actor in the field of food safety is satisfactory in respect of its internal members, additional efforts need to be made to ensure stronger (democratic) accountability vis-a-vis its other – external – stakeholders, particularly those located in developing countries.