Abstract
We aimed to validate four established questionnaires related to time perception in German (Consideration of Future Consequences-14 scale (CFC-14), Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS), Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT), and Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ)) using a back-translation method. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted on the data of 273 German-speaking participants to evaluate the factorial structures. Internal consistencies indicated good reliability values of the questionnaires and the respective subscales, except for the MQT. Intercorrelations between the questionnaires were examined to test their external validities and gain additional insight into the associations among the constructs. The consideration of future consequences was negatively linked to boredom proneness, whereas interoceptive awareness of one’s bodily sensations was positively associated with boredom proneness. Additionally, interoceptive awareness was linked to metacognitive beliefs about which factors influence time perception. The results are discussed in regard to human time perception. Conclusion: The validated German questionnaires can now be used in research projects. Initial observations on how the questionnaires are related to each other fit the current knowledge on how human time perception works, yielding the first evidence for the external validity of the German versions of these established questionnaires. For evidence of criterion validity, future studies should more thoroughly investigate the external validities analyzing the correlations with other validated measures.
Highlights
Boredom, consideration of future consequences, metacognition of time, and self-awareness at first sight do not seem to have much in common
The factorial structure of the Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT) was hard to replicate in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
Results showed that metacognition of factors influencing one’s time perception is highly similar to that of beliefs about others’ time perceptions
Summary
Consideration of future consequences, metacognition of time, and self-awareness at first sight do not seem to have much in common. A closer look at these constructs shows that they do share a common ground—time perception. We demonstrate that thoughts about how human time perception works influence judgments of duration. We show that awareness of our bodily sensations fundamentally shapes how time is perceived. We explain that the frequency of feeling bored and the extent to which temporally immediate or more remote consequences are considered in decision-making are driven by how the passage of time is perceived. We perceive ourselves in a seemingly endless present moment, like in waiting situations [1]. Individuals are more likely to consider future consequences when the future event feels less distant [2].
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