Abstract
This research is aimed at designing, implementing, and testing a geospatial database for wind and solar energy applications in the Kingdom of Bahrain. All decision making needed to determine economic feasibility and establish site location for wind turbines or solar panels depends primarily on geospatial feature theme information and non-spatial (attribute) data for wind, solar, rainfall, temperature and weather characteristics of a particular region. Spatial data includes, but is not limited to, digital elevation, slopes, land use, zonings, parks, population density, road utility maps, and other related information. Digital elevations for over 450,000 spot at 50 m spatial horizontal resolution plus field surveying and GPS (at selected locations) was obtained from the Surveying and Land Registration Bureau (SLRB). Road, utilities, and population density are obtained from the Central Information Organization (CIO). Land use zoning, recreational parks, and other data are obtained from the Ministry of Municipalities and Agricultural Affairs. Wind, solar, humidity, rainfall, and temperature data are obtained from the Ministry of Transportation, Civil Aviation Section. LandSat Satellite and others images are obtained from NASA and online sources respectively. The collected geospatial data was geo-referenced to Ain el-Abd UTM Zone 39 North. 3D Digital Elevation Model (DEM)-50 m spatial resolutions was created using SLRB spot elevations. Slope and aspect maps were generate based on the DEM. Supervised image classification to identify open spaces was performed utilizing satellite images. Other geospatial data was converted to raster format with the same cell resolution. Non-spatial data are entered as an attribute to spatial features. To eliminate ambiguous solution, multi-criteria GIS model is developed based on, vector (discrete point, line, and polygon representations) as well as raster model (continuous representation). The model was tested at the Al-Areen proposed project, a relatively small area (15 km2 ). Optimum site spatial location for the location of wind turbines and solar panels was determined and initial results indicates that the combination of wind and solar energy would be sufficient for the project to meet the energy demand at the present per capita consummation rate..
Highlights
The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of around 33 islands; the largest is the main island of Bahrain, all are low-lying islands between latitudes 26.10o and 25.22o North and longitudes 51.070o and 50.160o East [5]
Countries around the globe are searching for new energy sources and planning an effective decision making-system that can facilitate renewable energy management
A 3.5km2 area was selected in the Southern province of the Kingdom of Bahrain
Summary
The Kingdom of Bahrain is an archipelago of around 33 islands; the largest is the main island of Bahrain, all are low-lying islands between latitudes 26.10o and 25.22o North and longitudes 51.070o and 50.160o East [5]. A good solution that is under construction is a mobile RES (hybrid) system consisting of wind generators and solar panels to produce 1.5 kW of (alternating current) electricity for rural areas This system utilizes solar power (which is abundant in Bahrain) and wind power and is suitable for many applications, such as mini mobile clinics, small schools, libraries, and camping sites [9].Oceans and seas hold enormous and never-ending energy resources, which could be harnessed to produce sufficient energy by using the forces generated by the waves, currents and coastal water displacement between high and low tides. The Kingdom is mostly flat or near level, with 79% of Kingdom being nearly level (0–1%)
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