A genomic survey of LINE elements in Pipidae aquatic frogs shed light on Rex-elements evolution in these genomes

Abstract

The transposable elements (TE) represent a large portion of anuran genomes that act as components of genetic diversification. The LINE order of retrotransposons is among the most representative and diverse TEs and is poorly investigated in anurans. Here we explored the LINE diversity with an emphasis on the elements generically called Rex in Pipidae species, more specifically, in the genomes ofXenopus tropicalis, used as a model genome in the study of anurans,the allotetraploid sister species Xenopus laevis and theAmerican species Pipa carvalhoi. We were able to identify a great diversity of LINEs from five clades, Rex1, L2, CR1, L1 and Tx1, in these three species, and the RTE clade was lost in X. tropicalis. It is clear that elements classified as Rex are distributed in distinct clades. The evolutionary pattern of Rex1 elements denote a complex evolution with independent losses of families and some horizontal transfer events between fishes and amphibians which were supported not only by the phylogenetic inconsistencies but also by the very low Ks values found for the TE sequences. The data obtained here update the knowledge of the LINEs diversity in X. laevis and represent the first study of TEs in P. carvalhoi.