Abstract
BackgroundChanges in protein evolutionary rates among lineages have been frequently observed during periods of notable phenotypic evolution. It is also known that, following gene duplication and loss, the protein evolutionary rates of genes involved in such events changed because of changes in functional constraints acting on the genes. However, in the evolution of closely related species, excluding the aforementioned situations, the frequency of changes in protein evolutionary rates is still not clear at the genome-wide level. Here we examine the constancy of protein evolutionary rates in the evolution of four closely related species of the Saccharomyces sensu stricto group (S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus, S. mikatae and S. bayanus).ResultsFor 2,610 unambiguously defined orthologous genes among the four species, we carried out likelihood ratio tests between constant-rate and variable-rate models and found 344 (13.2%) genes showing significant changes in the protein evolutionary rates in at least one lineage. Of all those genes which experienced rate changes, 139 and 49 genes showed accelerated and decelerated evolution, respectively. Most of the evolutionary rate changes could be attributed to changes in selective constraints acting on nonsynonymous sites, independently of species-specific gene duplication and loss. We estimated that the changes in protein evolutionary rates have appeared with a probability of 2.0 × 10-3 per gene per million years in the evolution of the Saccharomyces species. Furthermore, we found that the genes which experienced rate acceleration have lower expression levels and weaker codon usage bias than those which experienced rate deceleration.ConclusionChanges in protein evolutionary rates possibly occur frequently in the evolution of closely related Saccharomyces species. Selection for translational accuracy and efficiency may dominantly affect the variability of protein evolutionary rates.
Highlights
Changes in protein evolutionary rates among lineages have been frequently observed during periods of notable phenotypic evolution
Using the codon adaptation index (CAI) [29] as a measure of codon usage bias, we examined whether the changes in dN/dS ratio were due to differences in codon usage bias among the species
Using the likelihood ratio tests (LRTs), we found that the rates of protein evolution of many genes changed even in the evolutionary course of closely related biologically and morphologically similar species
Summary
Changes in protein evolutionary rates among lineages have been frequently observed during periods of notable phenotypic evolution. As for other eukaryotic organisms, genome-wide acceleration of protein evolution, which might be caused by physiological and ecological factors that affect the mutation rate, was observed in the diptera lineages when compared with the beetle lineages [9]. According to these studies, in the evolution of morphologically and evolutionarily distant species, the rate of protein evolution seems to change frequently due to adaptive evolution, and changes in mutation rates and selective constraints. Other large-scale studies have shown that duplicate gene sequences often diverge asymmetrically [14,15]
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