Abstract
The following characteristics common to environmental risk problems are discussed; ignorance of mechanism; modest benefits; catastrophic costs; low probability of catastrophe; internal benefits; external costs; collective risk; latency; and irreversibility of effect. Environmental risk and classical pollution are discussed with regard to amenity versus life threat; relative costs; numbers; potency; timing; and visibility. Difficulties in the management of environmental risk are discussed with regard to worst cases, presumed low probabilities; acceptable risk; and federal legislation for regulation of environmental risks. (HLW)
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