A General Overview of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis as a Remediation Technology for Wastewaters Containing Pharmaceutical Compounds

Abstract

The presence of persistent, difficult to degrade pharmaceutical compounds in wastewaters is a significant environmental concern. While heterogeneous photocatalysis can degrade a range of pharmaceutical compounds, as a technology, it is yet to be applied. Current research on heterogeneous photocatalysis for pharmaceutical removal is focused on the development of photocatalytic materials that are both efficient photocatalysts and solar driven as well as materials that combine both adsorption and photocatalysis. The formation of toxic by-products during photocatalytic degradation can be an issue, hence, mechanistic studies to identify reaction pathways and intermediates are important and are discussed in this review. The potential application of photocatalytic systems coupled with other technologies, to achieve complete pollutant removal and avoid toxin formation are also discussed. Given the broad range of properties of these pharmaceutical compounds and their corresponding wastewater matrices, each system needs to be optimised accordingly, with the need for pilot scale studies. Other than end of pipe solutions to reduce the occurrence of pharmaceutical pollutants in the environment, a comprehensive environmental management approach involving strategies such as the reduction of pharmaceutical prescriptions and the introduction of take back schemes are also needed to achieve a reduction of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment.