Abstract
Server consolidation is one of the most commonly used techniques for reducing energy consumption in datacenters; however, this results in inherent performance degradation due to the coallocation of virtual servers, i.e., virtual machines (VMs) and containers, in physical ones. Given the widespread use of containers and their combination with VMs, it is necessary to quantify the performance degradation in these new consolidation scenarios, as this information will help system administrators make decisions based on server performance management. In this paper, a general method for quantifying performance degradation, that is, server overhead, is proposed for arbitrary consolidation scenarios. To demonstrate the applicability of the method, we develop a set of experiments with varying combinations of VMs, containers, and workload demands. From the results, we can obtain a suitable method for quantifying performance degradation that can be implemented as a recursive algorithm. From the set of experiments addressing the hypothetical consolidation scenarios, we show that the overhead depends not only on the type of hypervisor and the workload distribution but also on the combination of VMs and containers and their nesting, if feasible.
Highlights
Due to the increase in Internet service use, datacenters and servers need to be managed more efficiently
To mitigate the impact of IT energy consumption, green IT has been conceptualized as a set of techniques for using IT in a greener manner; one such example is server consolidation, in which the maximum workload is allocated to the minimum number of physical servers
Server consolidation configurations are evaluated by varying the number of consolidated virtual servers for different numbers of virtual machines (VMs) and containers under the Sysbench-CPU workload execution as follows: Fig. 14 Overhead metrics for the Type I hypervisor on the T430 server
Summary
Due to the increase in Internet service use, datacenters and servers need to be managed more efficiently. Despite the similar functionality between VMs and containers, there are significant differences between them in terms of performance (measured by the mean response time in this work), security, deployment, and portability. These differences affect consolidation decisions when choosing between VMs and containers and the consolidation number that should be implemented. Server consolidation is a technique that helps system administrators flexibly manage servers and datacenters by attempting to allocate the maximum workload (VMs or containers) to the minimum number of physical servers.
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