Abstract
The introduction and designing of functional thermoresponsive hydrogels have been recommended as recent potential therapeutic approaches for biomedical applications. The development of bioactive materials such as thermosensitive gelatin-incorporated nano-organic materials with a porous structure and photothermally triggerable and cell adhesion properties may potentially achieve this goal. This novel class of photothermal hydrogels can provide an advantage of hyperthermia together with a reversibly transformable hydrogel for tissue engineering. Polypyrrole (Ppy) is a bioorganic conducting polymeric substance and has long been used in biomedical applications owing to its brilliant stability, electrically conductive features, and excellent absorbance around the near-infrared (NIR) region. In this study, a cationic photothermal triggerable/guidable gelatin hydrogel containing a polyethylenimine (PEI)–Ppy nanocomplex with a porous microstructure was established, and its physicochemical characteristics were studied through dynamic light scattering, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, an FTIR; and cellular interaction behaviors towards fibroblasts incubated with a test sample were examined via MTT assay and fluorescence microscopy. Photothermal performance was evaluated. Furthermore, the in vivo study was performed on male Wistar rat full thickness excisions model for checking the safety and efficacy of the designed gelatin–PEI–Ppy nanohydrogel system in wound healing and for other biomedical uses in future. This photothermally sensitive hydrogel system has an NIR-triggerable property that provides local hyperthermic temperature by PEI–Ppy nanoparticles for tissue engineering applications. Features of the designed hydrogel may fill other niches, such as being an antibacterial agent, generation of free radicals to further improve wound healing, and remodeling of the promising photothermal therapy for future tissue engineering applications.
Highlights
Effective regenerative treatment by tissue engineering has been progressively achieved by the development of novel functional materials and production of bioscaffolds in association with living cells and growth factors [1]
Researchers have attempted between test biomaterials and living cells, with specific features such as adequate elasticity, to develop implantable biomaterials for applications in tissue engineering with improved mechanical stiffness, wettability, and surface topography [21], as well as additional growth factors for communication between test biomaterials and living cells, with specific features such as adequate tissueelasticity, regeneration
A photothermal gelatin hydrogel containing the PEI–Ppy-NC was successfully prepared, and its intrinsic features were investigated by differential scattering (DLS), to FTIR; photothermal hydrogel (TEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), SEM, and FTIR
Summary
Effective regenerative treatment by tissue engineering has been progressively achieved by the development of novel functional materials and production of bioscaffolds in association with living cells and growth factors [1]. The biocompatibility of new biomaterials and associated factors are vital tissue engineering requirements during their development and application. Polypyrrole (Ppy) is considered one of the useful conductive polymeric materials because of its numerous unique features, for example, stability of the chemical structure and higher electrical conductivity in aqueous mixtures [2]. The pyrrole monomer is soluble in numerous distinctive kinds of aqueous phases and in chemical solvents, but Ppy is hydrophobic owing to an inflexible complexed backbone, and lacks appropriate functions for further biological applications [5]. Nanobiomaterials are being used in biomedical fields due to their similarities to biomolecules in terms of smaller dimensions; interestingly, nano-based biomaterials show a greater intracellular internalization as compared with micron-dimensional particles, making them excellent candidates for targeted drug delivery systems, such as those working toward targeting cancer cells and other specific sites [7], making them useful for many biomedical applications based on the functionality of nanobiomaterials and their interactions with the surrounding tissues. PEI and Ppy, following an chemical process, may result in a PEI–Ppy polymeric nanocomplex with conductive properties [12]
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