Abstract
A fundamental study by Ens et al. (1992, Journal of Animal Ecology, 61, 703) developed the concept of two different nest‐territory qualities in Eurasian oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus, L.), resulting in different reproductive successes. “Resident” oystercatchers use breeding territories close to the high‐tide line and occupy adjacent foraging territories on mudflats. “Leapfrog” oystercatchers breed further away from their foraging territories. In accordance with this concept, we hypothesized that both foraging trip duration and trip distance from the high‐tide line to the foraging territory would be linearly related to distance between the nest site and the high tide line. We also expected tidal stage and time of day to affect this relationship. The former study used visual observations of marked oystercatchers, which could not be permanently tracked. This concept model can now be tested using miniaturized GPS devices able to record data at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Twenty‐nine oystercatchers from two study sites were equipped with GPS devices during the incubation periods (however, not during chick rearing) over 3 years, providing data for 548 foraging trips. Trip distances from the high‐tide line were related to distance between the nest and high‐tide line. Tidal stage and time of day were included in a mixing model. Foraging trip distance, but not duration (which was likely more impacted by intake rate), increased with increasing distance between the nest and high‐tide line. There was a site‐specific effect of tidal stage on both trip parameters. Foraging trip duration, but not distance, was significantly longer during the hours of darkness. Our findings support and additionally quantify the previously developed concept. Furthermore, rather than separating breeding territory quality into two discrete classes, this classification should be extended by the linear relationship between nest‐site and foraging location. Finally, oystercatcher′s foraging territories overlapped strongly in areas of high food abundance.
Highlights
There were no differences in foraging trip distances between night and day within the same study site, and no significant differences in trip distances among the study years (Table 2)
Because the effect of tidal stage appears to be site-specific, our findings suggest that the location of the breeding territory relative to the high-tide line is the most crucial factor determining foraging trip distances of oystercatchers
4.3 | Effect of time of day we found clear evidence from both study sites to support our fourth hypothesis, that is, that foraging trips would take significantly longer during the hours of darkness, compared with trips during daylight hours, in accordance with earlier work by Schwemmer and Garthe (2011)
Summary
The study was performed on two different islands in the northeastern (Hallig Oland; 54°40′39′′N, 8°42′14′′E) and southeastern (Spiekeroog; 53°46′19′′N, 7°41′49′′E) Wadden Sea. We computed the overall foraging trip duration (i.e., time from last position recorded in the breeding territory or on the nest before starting foraging trip until first position in the breeding territory or on the nest after the return trip, in minutes) and the maximum foraging trip distance (i.e., furthest distance of the foraging trip from the high-tide line, in meters) These two parameters were used as dependent variables in the statistical model (see below). Trip duration and maximum trip distance were used as dependent variables with study site, year, time of day, and nest distance as predictors. 3.04 (2.62 to 3.46) 0.35 (−0.23 to 0.93) 0.80 (−0.20 to −1.62) −0.47 (−1.0 to −0.13) 0.99 (0.80 to 1.17) 0.20 (0.06 to 0.34) 0.16 (−0.04 to 0.36) −0.26 (−0.42 to −0.10)
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