Abstract
Cognitive studies have suggested that anxiety is correlated with cognitive performance. Previous research has focused on the relationship between anxiety level and the perceptual load within the frontal region, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. High-anxious individuals are predicted to have worse performance on cognitively-demanding tasks requiring efficient cognitive processing. A few functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have specifically discussed the performance and brain activity involving working memory for high-anxious individuals. This topic has been further explored with electroencephalography, although these studies have mostly provided results involving visual face-related stimuli. In this study, we used auditory stimulation to manipulate the working memory load and attempted to interpret the deficiency of cognitive function in high-anxious participants or patients using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The fNIRS signals of 30 participants were measured while they were performing an auditory working memory task. For the auditory n-back task, there were three experimental conditions, including two n-back task conditions of stimuli memorization with different memory load and a condition of passive listening to the stimuli. Hemodynamic responses from frontal brain regions were recorded using a wireless fNIRS device. Brain activation from the ventrolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex were measured with signals filtered and artifacts removed. The fNIRS signals were then standardized with statistical testing and group analysis was performed. The results revealed that there were significantly stronger hemodynamic responses in the right ventrolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex when subjects were attending to the auditory working memory task with higher load. Furthermore, the right lateralization of the prefrontal cortex was negatively correlated with the level of state anxiety. This study revealed the possibility of incorporating fNIRS signals as an index to evaluate cognitive performance and mood states given its flexibility regarding portable applications compared to other neuroimaging techniques.
Highlights
Anxiety Disorder and Cognitive FunctionNeurophysiological studies have suggested that anxiety is highly correlated with cognitive performance (Eysenck et al, 2007; Osinsky et al, 2012)
We proposed an experimental paradigm of auditory working memory to evaluate the correlation between anxiety and memory load
The results revealed that there were significantly stronger hemodynamic responses in the right ventrolateral and orbital PFC when subjects were attending to the auditory working memory task with higher load
Summary
Anxiety Disorder and Cognitive FunctionNeurophysiological studies have suggested that anxiety is highly correlated with cognitive performance (Eysenck et al, 2007; Osinsky et al, 2012). Attentional control is more likely to be influenced by emotional stimuli, concerning tasks engaging conflict stimuli with low working memory load (Osinsky et al, 2012; Pacheco-Unguetti et al, 2012; Vytal et al, 2012). Cognitive processes are affected in high-anxious subjects in the absence of threat-related stimuli (Basten et al, 2012). These studies have mainly focused on the relationship between the anxiety level and working memory or perceptual load in the frontal region, especially in the prefrontal cortex (Bishop, 2009; Basten et al, 2012)
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