A fluorescence sensor array based on perylene probe monomer-excimer emission transition for the highly efficient differential sensing of metal ions and drinking waters

Abstract

A new type of sensor array is developed for the highly efficient differential sensing of metal ions and drinking waters. Two functionalized fluorescent perylene probes (Pery-1 and Pery-2) were employed. These probes could interact with metal ions via electrostatic and coordinate bonding interactions. As a result, the probe monomer fluorescence was quenched, and the appearance of distinct excimer emission was observed. Depending on the metal ion used, various degrees of quenching of probe monomer fluorescence, and the generation of excimer emission were observed. For example, quenching of monomer fluorescence was observed when Cu2+ and Fe3+ ions were tested. However, quenching of monomer fluorescence and generation of excimer fluorescence were both observed when Pb2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ ions were employed. And it was also observed that Ni2+, Mn2+ and Cr3+ ions interacted differently with Pery-1 and Pery-2. These differences formed the basis of the metal ion sensor array. The sensor array was used for differentiation of eleven metal ions, and it was also capable of discrimination of metal ions at different concentrations, as well as the discrimination of metal ion mixtures. The array was further successfully used for the distinction of drinking waters, different brands of commercial mineral water, and evaluation of the quality of drinking water. We envisage that the monomer and excimer emission transition of the perylene probe could be easily adopted for efficient sensor array development for various sensing applications.