Abstract
Melamine, an industrial chemical, receives wide attention nowadays because of its unethical usage as a nitrogen enhancer in protein-rich foods and dairy products. Since most of the existing melamine detection methods are highly expensive and time-consuming, high sensitivity biosensor-based detection methods have arisen in the scientific literature as promising alternatives. This study reports the design, synthesis, and fluorescent investigations of a carbazole-based sensor (CB) for the detection of melamine in aqueous solutions. The titration studies and microplate experiments on a CB-cyanuric acid mixture (CB-CA) with melamine suggested that the novel sensor could detect melamine even at very low concentrations in both aqueous solutions and dairy samples.
Highlights
Melamine is a chemical primarily used in industry for the production of melamine resin
The fluorescent sensor was prepared in a one-step reaction (Scheme 2) of 9-(2-ethylhexyl) carbazole-3,6-dicarboxaldehyde (1) and barbituric acid (2) in acetic acid with excellent yield [19,20]
Measurements (Figure 4) conducted on carbazole-based sensor (CB) solutions (f w = 99%) before and after the addition of melamine showed that the size distribution of the aggregates shifted towards smaller radii. These results suggest that the decrease in the emission of CB in aqueous solution upon addition of melamine can be attributed to the interaction of melamine with the sensor, which led to a decrease in aggregation
Summary
Melamine is a chemical primarily used in industry for the production of melamine resin. Due to its high nitrogen content, melamine was added to food products in order to produce a false elevated protein content. This compound, has very serious health effects as it forms large crystals in the kidneys, leading to the formation of kidney stones and causing kidney failure in babies and pets [2,3]. The current detection methods for melamine in food samples include Raman spectroscopy, HPLC–MS and electrochemical techniques [4]. These techniques require expensive equipment in a lab setting with lubricous procedures [5,6]. The detection mechanism was based on strong H-bonding interaction between melamine and the cyanuric acid group, which has a complementary
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