A flow-injection renewable surface sensor for the fluorimetric determination of vanadium(V) with Alizarin Red S

Abstract

Vanadium(V) is determined by a simple bead injection spectroscopy–flow-injection analysis (BIS–FIA) system with spectrofluorimetric detection using a commercially available flow cell (Hellma 176-QS). The 500 μl of a homogeneous bead suspension of an anionic resin (Sephadex QAE A-25) previously loaded with the fluorogenic reagent 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid (Alizarin Red S) was injected to fill the flow cell. Next, V(V) is injected into the carrier and reacts with the immobilized reagent on the active solid support placed in the flow cell to form a fluorescent chelate in the absence of surfactant agents. The complex is so strongly retained on the beads that the regeneration of the solid support becomes extraordinarily difficult, so needing the renovation of the sensing surface which is achieved by means of bead injection. At the end of the analysis, beads are automatically discarded from the flow cell and transported out of the system by reversing the flow. The measurement of fluorescence is continuously performed at an excitation wavelength of 521 nm and an emission wavelength of 617 nm. Using a low sample volume of 800 μl, the analytical signal showed a very good linearity in the range 2–60 ng ml −1, with a detection limit of 0.45 ng ml −1 and a R.S.D. (%) of 4.22 for 50 ng ml −1 of V(V) concentration ( n = 10). The sensor showed both a good selectivity, which could also be increased by the addition of EDTA and F − as masking agents, and applicability to the determination of V(V) in waters, physiological samples (serum and urine) and mussel tissues.