Abstract
In this work, a solely gravity and capillary force-driven flow chemiluminescence (GCF-CL) paper-based microfluidic device has been proved for the first time as a new platform for inexpensive, usable, minimally-instrumented dynamic chemiluminescence (CL) detection of chromium (III) [Cr(III)], where an appropriate angle of inclination between the loading and detection zones on the paper produces a rapid flow of CL prompt solution through the paper channel. For this study, we use a cost-effective paper device that is manufactured by a simple wax screen-printing method, while the signal generated from the Cr(III)-catalyzed oxidation of luminol by H2O2 is recorded by a low-cost and luggable CCD camera. A series of GCF-CL affecting factors have been evaluated carefully. At optimal conditions, two linear relationships between GCF-CL intensities and the logarithms of Cr(III) concentrations are obtained in the concentration ranges of 0.025–35[Formula: see text]mg/L and 50–500[Formula: see text]mg/L separately, with the detection limit of 0.0245[Formula: see text]mg/L for a less than 30[Formula: see text]s assay, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.8%, 4.5% and 2.3% for 0.75, 5 and 50[Formula: see text]mg/L of Cr(III) ([Formula: see text]). The above results indicate that the GCF-CL paper-based microfluidic device possesses a receivable sensitivity, dynamic range, storage stability and reproducibility. Finally, the developed GCF-CL is utilized for Cr(III) detection in real water samples.
Highlights
Chemiluminescence (CL) measurements have undergone rapid technological development during the last decades, and have been demonstrated for analysis of various analytes in virtually all science and engineeringelds
Some shortcomings of the published °ow CL micro°uidic devices still exist: (i) all of the devices are fabricated with di®erent substrates, such as glass, polymer or silicon, and the associated micromachining processes are comparatively complicated; (ii) many devices require delicately-designed micromixers and long-reaction microchannels to achieve a higher-performance CL experiment, creating extra complexities in the design and processing of the device; (iii) similar to the case in large-scale apparatus, the photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors that are featured with highvoltage power supply and of large scale, are frequently utilized; (iv) the vast majority of °ow CL micro°uidic devices still require external liquiddriving mechanisms for °uid handling
After placing the as-prepared device into the black box where the CL detection zone is placed below the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera lens, the test solution (30 L) [containing Cr (III) (0–500 mg/L), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (0–25 mM) and KBr (0–1.5 M)] isrst added into the middle position of the detection zone [Fig. 2(a)], and it will rapidly di®use and full of the whole detection zone under natural capillary force [Fig. 2(b)]
Summary
Chemiluminescence (CL) measurements have undergone rapid technological development during the last decades, and have been demonstrated for analysis of various analytes in virtually all science and engineeringelds. It is of great signicance to detect Cr(III) for human safety, environmental monitoring and life science research.[44,45] We have introduced the gravity/capillary forces into a clothbased micro°uidic device for the determination of Cr(III), which can realize simple, faster and low-cost analysis.[46] Alternatively, the paper-based micro°uidic devices have been widely developed in differentelds because of biodegradability, low cost, biocompatibility and inherent °exibility. A paper-based micro°uidic device that is combined with gravity and capillary forcedriven °ow CL (GCF-CL) is demonstrated, and this device can be well utilized for simple, rapid, cut-price and carriable detection of chromium (III) ion in aqueous samples. The developed devices had been successfully utilized to determine Cr(III) in real water samples
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