Abstract
A molecularly imprinted silica (MIS) coupled to a microwave sensor was used to detect three fungicides (iprodione, procymidone and pyrimethanil) present in most French wines. Chemometric methods were applied to interpret the microwave spectra and to correlate microwave signals and fungicide concentrations in a model wine medium, and in white and red Burgundy wines. The developed microwave sensor coupled to an MIS and to its control, a nonimprinted silica (NIS), was successfully applied to detect the three fungicides present in trace levels (ng L−1) in a model wine. The MIS sensor discriminated the fungicide concentrations better than the NIS sensor. Partial Least Squares models were suitable for determining iprodione in white and red wines. A preliminary method validation was applied to iprodione in the white and red wines. It showed a limit of detection (LOD) lower than 30 ng L−1 and a recovery percentage between 90 and 110% when the iprodione concentration was higher than the LOD. The determined concentrations were below the authorized level by far.
Highlights
Grapevines are vulnerable to a wide range of fungal pathogens, including Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), black rot (Gugnardia bidwelli) and several others [1]
The aim of this study was the use of a microwave sensor covered with a molecularly imprinted polymer layer to monitor three fungicides in model wine and in white wine
The use of iprodione was banned in June 2018 according to the European Commission (EU) 2017/2091 regulation concerning the nonrenewal of the approval of this active substance [5]
Summary
Grapevines are vulnerable to a wide range of fungal pathogens, including Botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea), powdery mildew (Uncinula necator), downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola), black rot (Gugnardia bidwelli) and several others [1]. At the European level, a 2008 wide survey (PAN-EUROPE) of 34 conventional wines from eight countries showed that 100% of conventional analyzed wines contained between four and 10 different fungicide residues [4].
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