Abstract
Various types of natural phenomena are regarded as primary sources of information for artificial occurrences that involve spontaneous synchronization. Among the artificial occurrences that mimic natural phenomena are Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) and the Pulse Coupled Oscillator (PCO), which utilizes firefly synchronization for attracting mating partners. However, the PCO model was not appropriate for wireless sensor networks because sensor nodes are typically not capable to collect sensor data packets during transmission (because of packet collision and deafness). To avert these limitations, this study proposed a self-organizing time synchronization algorithm that was adapted from the traditional PCO model of fireflies flashing synchronization. Energy consumption and transmission delay will be reduced by using this method. Using the proposed model, a simulation exercise was performed and a significant improvement in energy efficiency was observed, as reflected by an improved transmission scheduling and a coordinated duty cycling and data gathering ratio. Therefore, the energy-efficient data gathering is enhanced in the proposed model than in the original PCO-based wave-traveling model. The battery lifetime of the Sensor Nodes (SNs) was also extended by using the proposed model.
Highlights
The emerging research trend in the areas of MicroElectrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS) over the years has provoked scholarly attention on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
We suggest a firefly-inspired self-organizing method to ensure a highly energy-efficient control mechanism in WSNs in the case of connection failures
The CSMA/CA factors included a back-off time slot of 1 ms with a backwhere, n represents the number of Sensor Nodes (SNs) in the network, TopckSink is the total number of packets that are received by the sink node for each SN I and SNC is the SNs per cycle
Summary
The emerging research trend in the areas of MicroElectrical Mechanical Systems (MEMS) over the years has provoked scholarly attention on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) These networks are small, inexpensive devices that are capable of processing, sensing and transmitting the ecological phenomenon of attention. By determining the reliability of the captured data to be reported to the sink node, the proposed mechanism reduces the transmission delay and consumed energy of the SNs. The major goal of the proposed scheme is to expand a self-organizing time synchronization algorithm by adopting the PCO model following the synchronous flashing of fireflies to counteract deafness and collision (Al-Mekhlafi et al, 2014b) in addition to decrease the energy usage of the SNs. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
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