Abstract
Sweat evaporation is the principal process of dissipating heat energy in a hot environment and during activities. Sweat loss is significantly affected by the level of energy expenditure, hormones, and the number of sweat glands. The thickness of the skin layer plays a vital role to maintain body temperature. The rate of sweat evaporation varies with ambient temperature and activity level. On increasing both metabolism and ambient temperature, sweat rate loss also increases and controls the body in the thermoregulatory system. The evaporative sweat release rate has a linear behavior. The appropriate physical and physiological parameters that affect thermoregulation have been incorporated into the model. The study presents the temperature distribution in three layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (SST) of the human dermal parts during cooking, cleaning, and walking. The solution is obtained by using the finite element method. The results demonstrate that the body mechanism keeps the body in thermoregulation by increasing the sweat evaporation rate exhibited by increasing the ambient temperature and metabolism during strenuous activities.
Highlights
Heat dissipation during physical activities is a principal part of thermoregulation in the human body
When the atmospheric temperature equals or exceeds the skin temperature or the body produces more metabolic heat energy, heat loss occurs by radiation, and convection processes are inadequate to control the body temperature
E water loss from the body by releasing sweat is the amount of evaporating sweat determined by air velocity and the water vapor pressure gradient between skin and atmospheric temperature. e sweat release rate and its regulation depend on the body core, skin temperature, wetted skin area, heat storage, and ambient variables
Summary
Heat dissipation during physical activities is a principal part of thermoregulation in the human body. In low ambient temperature the healthy body releases sweat due to increases in the metabolic rate during the activity. E authors developed the model of temperature distribution in skin three layers, namely, epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissue layer In this model, they assumed that the outer skin is exposed to the atmosphere and heat loss occurs due to convection radiation and evaporation of water. Kumari and Adlakha [20] made a mathematical model and investigated the temperature distribution in human peripheral regions including the blood mass flow rate, thermal conductivity, and metabolic heat generation rate which are constants during and after the exercise. Numerous researchers developed the model by using the constant metabolic rate and provided the temperature profile of different skin layers in human dermal parts. It is challenging to obtain the exact solution to heat transfer. e finite element method provides the guideline to divide the whole region into a finite number of elements and assemble the results. e FEM provides all the elements in the symmetric matrices form and converges to the exact solution. e accuracy of the solution increases if the number of elements is increasing. us, this technique is a suitable numerical method to find the approximation solution for the temperature distribution on the dermal region under any atmospheric conditions
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