Abstract
The generation and recording of electromagnetic waves by typical ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) systems are complex phenomena. To investigate the characteristics of typical GPR antennas operating in diverse environments, we have developed a versatile and efficient simulation tool. It is based on a finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) approximation of Maxwell's equations that lets one simulate the radiation characteristics of a wide variety of typical surface GPR antenna systems. The accuracy of the algorithm is benchmarked and validated with respect to laboratory measurements for comparable antenna systems. Computed radiation patterns demonstrate that the illumination of the subsurface in the near‐ to intermediate‐field range varies significantly according to how the antenna is designed. Our models show the effects of varying the shapes of the antennas, adding shielding (metal box with and without absorbing material and with and without resistive loading), adding a receiver antenna, and changing the soil conditions. Given the flexibility of this modeling software, we anticipate that it will be helpful in designing GPR surveys and new GPR systems with arbitrary planar structures. It will also be useful in interpreting certain GPR data sets.
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