Abstract
Imaging of the cells and microvasculature simultaneously is beneficial to the study of tumor angiogenesis and microenvironments. We designed and built a fiber-optic based photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) and confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) dual-modality imaging system. To explore the feasibility of this all-optical device for future endoscopic applications, a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) scanner, a miniature objective lens, and a small size optical microring resonator as an acoustic detector were employed trying to meet the requirements of miniaturization. Both the lateral resolutions of PAM and CFM were quantified to be 8.8μm. Axial resolutions of PAM and CFM were experimentally measured to be 19μm and 53μm, respectively. The experiments on ex vivo animal bladder tissues demonstrate the good performance of this system in imaging not only microvasculature but also cellular structure, suggesting that this novel imaging technique holds potential for improved diagnosis and guided treatment of bladder cancer.
Highlights
Bladder cancer is the fifth leading new cancer diagnosis in the United States and is the fourth among men [1]
We first calibrated the lateral resolution of this system in the confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) imaging mode
When the pinhole size of a confocal microscopy system is larger than 1 airy unit, which is 4.0 mm [=1.22 Â (0.532 mm)/(2 mm/(2 Â 6.16 mm))] in our case, the lateral resolution of confocal microscopy will be the same as that of conventional microscopy if the same optical components are used
Summary
Bladder cancer is the fifth leading new cancer diagnosis in the United States and is the fourth among men [1]. Despite the quick advances in both diagnosis and therapy in the past decades, bladder cancer remains an important public health problem. One of the reasons is the lack of powerful screening and imaging technologies. The study of tumor angiogenesis and microenvironments plays an important role in cancer diagnosis. Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is an emerging technique for microscopic imaging of optical absorption contrast and has been demonstrated as a useful tool in mapping angiogenic microvasculature in biological tissues in vivo [2]. Fluorescence imaging technologies have been increasingly applied to assessment of tissue pathology, especially in imaging specific anatomical structures with autofluorescence or labeled with fluorescent dyes
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