A Family with Craniofrontonasal Syndrome and a Mutation (p.G151S) in the EFNB1 Gene: Expanding the Phenotype

Abstract

Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is a rare genetic entity with X-linked dominant inheritance. CFNS is due to mutations in the Ephrin-B1 (EFNB1) gene. It is characterized by brachycephaly, frontonasal dysplasia, palate/lip defects, dental malocclusion, short neck, split nails, syndactyly, toe and finger defects, and minor skeletal defects. Intelligence is usually unaffected. CFNS exhibits unexpected manifestations between males and females as the latter are more affected. Cellular or metabolic interference due to X inactivation explains the more severe phenotype in heterozygous females. One family with several members affected with CFNS and 100 healthy controls were examined. DNA from leukocytes was isolated to analyze the EFNB1 gene. We did molecular modeling to assess the impact of the mutation on the EFNB1-encoded protein. DNA sequencing analysis of the EFNB1 gene of the affected members showed the heterozygous missense mutation c.451G>A in the EFNB1 gene (GRcH38, chrX: 68,839,708; GERP score in hg38 of 9.961). This transition mutation resulted in the substitution of Gly at position 151 by Ser. Analysis of the healthy members of the family and 100 unrelated controls showed a normal sequence of the EFNB1 gene. Phenotypes of the patients in this family differ from the classical CFNS due to the decreased size of sulci and fissures, subarachnoid space and ventricles, and the absence of a cleft lip/palate.