Abstract
Presently, hazardous metal and dye removal from wastewater is one of the major areas of research focus. For the elimination of these contaminants, many approaches have been devised and applied. However, the accomplishment of various water treatment processes has largely depended on the medium utilized and the associated problem with the leaching of harmful compounds into the water process with most commercial and chemically manufactured materials for water treatment processes. Hence, this study is aimed at reviewing existing studies on the sorption of heavy metals (HMs) and dyes using bionanocomposites (BNCs). The key focus of this review is on the development of eco-friendly, effective, and appropriate nanoadsorbents that could accomplish superior and enhanced contaminant sequestration using BNCs owing to their biodegradability, biocompatible, environmentally friendly, and not posing as secondary waste to the environment. The sorption of most pollutants was observed to be pH, sorbent dosage, and initial contaminant concentration-dependent, with most contaminants’ elimination taking place in the pH range of 2-10. The sorption process of HMs and dyes to various BNCs was superlatively depicted utilizing the Langmuir (LNR) and Freundlich (FL) as well as the pseudo-second-order (PSO) models, suggestive of the sorption process of a monolayer and multilayer and the chemisorption process, the rate-limiting stage in surface sorption. The established sorption capacities for the reviewed sorption process for various contaminants ranged from 1.47 to 740.97 mg/g. Future prospective for the treatment and remediation of contaminated water using BNCs was also discussed.
Highlights
An energetic base for living organisms and which is utilized in humans’ everyday endeavours is water
It was noticed the efficiency of Cu (II) removed to the BNCs was enhanced with improvement in the temperature applied until equilibrium attained (Figure 33)
High removal capacity was observed in this study notwithstanding five cycles of continual sorption and desorption (Figure 35). 87.00% sorption capacity was shown by the CS@iron oxide (CSIO) at the fifth cycle, which was relative to their original capacity, and a marginal loss of 13.00% sorptive potential was noticed due to acid-base treatment of the NCs during the process of regeneration [72]
Summary
An energetic base for living organisms and which is utilized in humans’ everyday endeavours is water. To prevent various environmental issues such as the treatment of water polluted with HMs, organic contaminants, inorganic anions, pathogen, dyes, and industrial effluents, they have been applied extensively using zero-valent metal NPs, metal oxide NPs, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), bionanocomposites (BNCs), biopolymers (BPs), etc. HM and dye sequestration from water bodies has substantial importance to the ecosystem, and developing effective and cost-effective removal techniques is a going continuous effort These methods comprise of the sorption of pollutants to mineral or carbon-based matrix [23], photocatalysis or oxidation processes [24], chemical precipitation [25], ion exchange [26], microbiological or enzymatic decomposition [27], coagulation [28], reverse-osmosis [29], membrane filtration, etc. Optimum confiscation of both HMI was detected at pH 4.5 and 6 for metal concentration of 100 and 140 mg/L of Co (II) and Ni (II)
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