Abstract
The use of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) microfiltration (MF) membranes to purify oily water has received much attention. However, it is challenging to obtain high-performance PVDF microfiltration membranes due to severe surface fouling and rapid decline of permeability. This study explored a new approach to fabricate high-performance PVDF/silica (SiO2) composite membrane via the use of a polymer solution featuring lower critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics and the non-solvent thermally induced phase separation method (NTIPS). Coupling with morphological observations, the membrane formation kinetics were analyzed in depth to understand the synergistic effect between the LCST solution properties and fabrication conditions in NTIPS. Utilizing such a synergistic effect, the transition from finger-like macrovoid pores to bi-continuous highly connected pores could be flexibly tuned by increasing the PVDF concentration and the weight ratio of SiO2/PVDF in the dope solution and by raising the coagulation temperature to above the LCST of the solution. The filtration experiments with surfactant-stabilized oil-water emulsion showed that the permeation flux of the PVDF/SiO2 composite membranes was higher than 318 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and the rejection above 99.2%. It was also shown that the PVDF/SiO2 composite membranes, especially those fabricated above the LCST, demonstrated better hydrophilicity, which resulted in significant enhancement in the anti-fouling properties for oil/water emulsion separation. Compared to the benchmark pure PVDF membrane in oily water purification, the optimal composite membrane T70 was demonstrated via the 3-cycle filtration experiments with a significantly improved flux recovery ratio (Frr) and minimal reduced irreversible fouling (Rir). Overall, with the developed method in this work, facile procedure to tune the membrane morphology and pore structure was demonstrated, resulting in high performance composite membranes suitable for oil/water emulsion separation.
Highlights
Introduction published maps and institutional affilThe discharge of large amounts of oily wastewater from various sources pose significant challenges to our environment, and cause water pollution affecting human health [1,2,3,4].The loss of expensive oil products is considered as an economic drawback
The cloud point (Tcloud ) of the dope solution is defined as the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in this study, which corresponds to the phase separation temperature of the dope solution induced by temperature change
The antifouling properties of the membrane in each cycle can be evaluated by the calculated fouling indicators, namely, water flux recovery ratio (Frr ), the total fouling ratio (Rt ), the reversible fouling ratio (Rr ), and the irreversible fouling ratio (Rir ) [11,34]
Summary
PVDF was purchased from Solvay (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., China (model: 1015). The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, model: K30) and hydrophilic silica nanoparticles (SiO2 , 7–40 nm) were purchased from Aladdin Reagent Inc., Shanghai, China. The N,N-dimethylacetimide (DMAc), anhydrous magnesium chloride (MgCl2 ), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), ethanol, and isopropanol (IPA) were purchased from Sinopharm Reagent Inc., China. The DMAc, MgCl2 , SDS, ethanol, and IPA were analytical grade and used as received
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